Fopid Controller Design for Robust Performance Using Particle Swarm Optimization

Mathematics Subject Classification: 26A33; 93C15, 93C55, 93B36, 93B35, 93B51; 03B42; 70Q05; 49N05This paper proposes a novel method to design an H∞ -optimal fractional order PID (FOPID) controller with ability to control the transient, steady-state response and stability margins characteristics. The method uses particle swarm optimization algorithm and operates based on minimizing a general cost function. Minimization of the cost function is carried out subject to the H∞ -norm; this norm is also included in the cost function to achieve its lower value. The method is applied to a phase-locked-loop motor speed system and an electromagnetic suspension system as two examples to illustrate the design procedure and verify performance of the proposed controller. The results show that the proposed method is capable of improving system responses as compared to the conventional H∞ -optimal controller while still maintains the H∞ -optimality of the solutions

Design and qualification of the SEU/TD Radiation Monitor chip

This report describes the design, fabrication, and testing of the Single-Event Upset/Total Dose (SEU/TD) Radiation Monitor chip. The Radiation Monitor is scheduled to fly on the Mid-Course Space Experiment Satellite (MSX). The Radiation Monitor chip consists of a custom-designed 4-bit SRAM for heavy ion detection and three MOSFET's for monitoring total dose. In addition the Radiation Monitor chip was tested along with three diagnostic chips: the processor monitor and the reliability and fault chips. These chips revealed the quality of the CMOS fabrication process. The SEU/TD Radiation Monitor chip had an initial functional yield of 94.6 percent. Forty-three (43) SEU SRAM's and 14 Total Dose MOSFET's passed the hermeticity and final electrical tests and were delivered to LL

ارتباط بیان مهارکننده عامل القایی هیپوکسی- 1 آلفا با میزان تهاجم عروقی در سرطان روده بزرگ

زمینه: کمبود فشار اکسیژن (هیپوکسی) یک پدیده شایع در تومورهاي انسانی است که با افزایش القاي فرآیند رگزایی (آنژیوژنزیس) موجب رشد ، به نا م HIF1α از طریق اتصال به یک سري زیر واحدهاي پروتئین (HIF1AN) بقا و تهاجم تومور میشود. مهارکننده عامل القایی هیپوکسی HIF1α) موجب مهار عامل القایی هیپوکسی (CBP/P300) کپ بایندیگ پروتئین پی 300 ) میشود. HIF1AN) هدف: مطالعه به منظور تعیین ارتباط بیان مهارکننده عامل القایی هیپوکسی ) با میزان تهاجم عروقی در تومور روده انجام شد. مواد و روشها: این مطالعه تحلیلی در سالهاي 1391 تا 1393 بر روي 101 بیمار مبتلا به سرطان روده انجام شد که از لحاظ وضعیت تهاجم رنگ و از نظر HIF1AN عروقی به دو گروه دارا و فاقد تهاجم عروقی تقسیم شدند. بلوكهاي پارافینه تومور به روش ایمنوهیستوشیمی با نشانگر HIF1AN شدت رنگپذیري و تعداد سلولها ارزیابی شدند. ارتباط میزان بیان نشانگر با شاخص هاي آسی ب شناسی و با آزمون هاي آماري همبستگی و مجذور کاي تحلیل شد. با افزایش تهاجم HIF1AN در دو گروه مورد مطالعه متفاوت بود. بین کاهش میزان بیان پروتئین HIF1AN یافتهها: واکنش ایمنوشیمیایی HIF1AN عروقی و رگزایی تومور سرطان روده ارتباط معنیداري دیده شد. بین بیان با عمق تومور و تمایز آن ارتباطی وجود نداشت. HIF1AN نتیجهگیري: با توجه به یافتهها به نظر میرسد پروتئین در سرطان روده نقش مهارگر تومور دارد و کاهش بیان این پروتئین در هسته سلولهاي توموري روده موجب افزایش بیان عوامل رگزایی و تهاجم عروقی میشود. کلیدواژهها: تهاجم عروقی، رگزایی، مهارکننده عامل القایی هیپوکسی، سرطان روده بزر

Modeling of electrochemomechanical response of ionic polymer-metal composites with various solvents

Ionic polymer-metal composites (IPMCs) consist of a perfluorinated ionomer membrane (usually Nafion (R) or Flemion (R)) plated on both faces with a noble metal such as gold or platinum and neutralized with the necessary amount of counterions that balance the electrical charge of anions that are covalently fixed to the backbone ionomer. IPMCs are electroactive materials with potential applications as soft actuators and sensors. Their electrical-chemical-mechanical response is dependent on the cations used, the nature and the amount of solvent uptake, the morphology of the electrodes, the composition of the backbone ionomer, the geometry and boundary conditions of the composite element, and the magnitude and spatial and temporal variations of the applied potential. Our most recent experimental results show that solvents can have profound effects on the nature of the IPMCs' actuation. For example, we have discovered experimentally that Nafion-based IPMCs in Li+-form show very small back relaxation when hydrated, but extensive back relaxation with all other solvents that we have considered. On the other hand, the same membrane in the K+-form has extensive back relaxation when solvated with water, ethylene glycol, or glycerol, but none with 18-Crown-6. In the present paper, we seek to model the IPMCs' actuation and compare results with the experimental data. The modeling rests on the observation that a sudden application of a step potential (dc) of several volts (1-3 V) alters the distribution of cations within the ionomer, forcing cations out of the clusters near the anode and additional cations into the clusters near the cathode. The clusters within a thin boundary layer near the anode are thus depleted of their cations, while cations accumulate in the clusters near the cathode boundary layer. We first seek to determine the spatial and temporal variations of the cation distribution across the thickness of the IPMC for various cations and solvents, using an implicit finite difference numerical solution of the basic field equations, and compare the results with those of approximate analytical estimates. Based on this information, we then calculate the changes in the osmotic, electrostatic, and elastic forces that tend to expand or contract the clusters in the anode and cathode boundary layers. Finally, we calculate the amount of solvent out of or into the clusters that produces the bending motion of the cantilever. Comparing the model results with those of experimental measurement, we have arrived at remarkably good agreements. Indeed, our nanoscale-based model correctly predicts the unexpected influence of solvents on the actuation of IPMCs. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics

Investigation of FIH-1 and SOCS3 expression in KRAS mutant and wild-type patients with colorectal cancer

Abstract Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a multistep process based on the accumulation of somatic mutations in genes such as APC and KRAS. Data on the presence of mutations in KRAS gene in CRC and its relationship with clinicopathological parameters and expression of genes involved in tumor progression are scarce. We unbiasedly examined the KRAS status in samples from 99 patients and its correlation with clinicopathological parameters such as age, sex, tumor location, lymph node metastasis, tumor stage, tumor grade, and vascular invasion. Consistent with reports of other researchers, 38.4 % of our samples harbored KRAS mutation in their genomes with preferential mutation in codon 12 (89.4 %). Nevertheless, unlike previous reports, we were not able to correlate KRAS status with clinicopathological parameters (P > 0.05) except for vascular invasion. Patients with KRAS mutation have more vascular invasion compared with patient having wild-type KRAS. Next, we investigated the expression of two tumor suppressor genes, factor-inhibiting hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (FIH-1) and suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS3), in both KRAS mutant and wild-type groups and looked for any correlation between their expression and clinicopathological parameters. Although the expression of both genes was not regular, none of the clinicopathological parameters were associated with the expressions of FIH-1 and SOCS3 at mRNA level (P>0.05). However, decline in FIH-1 expression at protein level in KRAS mutant group was correlated with stage IV and grade 2 of tumor (P≤ 0.05). Our results demonstrated that there is no or low correlation between KRAS status, FIH-1, and SOCS3 expression with epidemiologic and clinicpathological characteristics in CRC

Psychometric Properties of a Protection Motivation Theory-based Questionnaire to Assess Self-Medication in a Sample of Elderly Iranians

Introduction: The existence of standard tools is one of the basic needs of scientists of healthy behavior for predicting health-related behaviors. The aim of the present study was to design a psychometrically sound instrument to measure the protection motivation theory constructs regarding self-medication for elderly Iranians. Methods: The study was conducted in spring 2016. The sample consisted of 196 Iranians between the ages of 60 and 74. The study took place in Ahvaz, Iran.&nbsp; The instrument included perceived susceptibility, severity, response costs, response efficacy, self-efficacy, rewards, and fear constructs. The qualitative component of the study, which consisted of interviews with experts and a systematic review of the literature, provided the data to write the items for the instrument, followed by determining the content validity. Principal components analysis with Oblique rotation was performed to extract correlated constructs. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) and Bartlett's tests were performed to examine the suitability of the data for factor analysis. Cronbach&rsquo;s Coefficient Alpha was used to estimate the internal consistency of the scales. Results: The KMO test statistic of 0.90 revealed the sampling adequacy for doing factor analysis and Bartlett's test of sphericity was significant (p < 0.001). Seven constructs were extracted based on Eigenvalues of &ge; 1.00 and factor loadings of &ge; 0.40. Cronbach&rsquo;s &alpha; for the constructs, namely, perceived susceptibility, severity, response costs, response efficacy, self-efficacy, rewards and fear were 0.84, 0.86, 0.81, 0.82, 0.88, 0.89, and 0.85, respectively.&nbsp; The seven constructs accounted for 69.41% of the variation. Conclusion: The developed scales for measuring the protection motivation theory constructs regarding self-medication have acceptable psychometric properties among elderly Iranians